Information on hormonal intrauterine devices.

A copper intrauterine device is a a t-shaped contraceptive that is inserted into the uterus. The IUD is used by folding the arms of the T towards the base and inserting the top of the T into the vagina. The IUD is intended to sit with the top of the T inside the uterus with the tip of the bottom hanging slightly into the rear of the vagina. There is a string hanging from the base of the IUD to allow for removal. The string also enables the woman to periodically confirm that the IUD is in place by feeling for the string.

The copper intrauterine device is generally inserted in a gynecologist's office under anesthesia. Most copper IUDs remain effective for up to ten years.

Although copper intrauterine devices have been around for more than 30 years, there remains only one brand approved for use in the United States - ParaGard. Paragard is manufactured by the American pharmaceutical company Duramed Pharmaceuticals.

The Paragard works by stimulating the endometrium to release leukocytes and prostaglandin, both of which can inhibit the development of the sperm and egg .These substances are released into the cervix, genital tract, uterus, and oviduct. The copper itself is also known to impede the growth of both sperm and egg.

Intrauterine devices are convenient for women who have had a baby, want to wait several years before becoming pregnant again, or are looking for a semi-permanent contraceptive without sterilization.

Copper intrauterine devices are not a contraceptive solution for all women. Women who have more than one sexual partner, have recently changed sexual partners, or who have a sexual partner who has other sexual partners should not use a copper IUD. Women with a pelvic infection in their fallopian tubes, or women with a history of pelvic infections should not use a copper IUD. Women who show signs of genital cancer, believe they are pregnant, have abnormal vaginal bleeding, or have recently shown an abnormal Pap smear should not use a copper IUD.

Women who have not had children but want them in the future shouldn't use a copper IUD.

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